Details of unit conversions and measurements in civil engineering

When we face different problems in civil engineering, we stumble upon several types of units. Measurements are expressed in units. Officially approved units are known as standard unit. Standard values provided by IS codes are very crucial in civil engineering practice.

Major systems of unit :-

Metric cgs system – centimeter, gram, second

British (applied by the U.S.) – feet, pound, second

Length, mass and time are considered as the elementary quantities; combination of them will produce all the other unit.

Now-a-days, the most vital system is the systeme international (SI), that is dependent on the metric system i.e. meter, kilogram and second.

We should have clear ideas on the basic things associated with standard values. Given below, the details of some of the basic things :-

Concrete Grages:
M5 = 1:4:8
M10= 1:3:6
M15= 1:2:4
M20= 1:1.5:3
M25= 1:1:2

Clear Cover to Main Reinforcement:
1. FOOTINGS: 50 mm
2. RAFT FOUNDATION.TOP: 50 mm
3. RAFT FOUNDATION.BOTTOM/SIDES: 75 mm
4. STRAP BEAM: 50 mm
5. GRADE SLAB: 20 mm
6. COLUMN: 40 mm
7. SHEAR WALL: 25 mm

8. BEAMS: 25 mm
9. SLABS: 15 mm
10. FLAT SLAB: 20 mm
11. STAIRCASE: 15 mm
12. RET. WALL: 20/ 25 mm on earth
13. WATER RETAINING STRUCTURES: 20/30 mm

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